Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition in which the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to a buildup of plaque. Plaque is a substance made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances that can accumulate on the inner walls of the arteries. When plaque builds up, it can restrict blood flow to the heart, which can lead to chest pain (angina) or a heart attack.
There are several factors that can increase the risk of CAD, including:
- High blood pressure: High blood pressure can damage the arteries and increase the risk of CAD.
- High cholesterol: High levels of cholesterol in the blood can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries.
- Diabetes: People with diabetes have an increased risk of CAD due to the damaging effects of high blood sugar on the arteries.
- Smoking: Smoking damages the lining of the arteries and increases the risk of CAD.
- Obesity: Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of CAD and other health problems.
- Lack of physical activity: A sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of CAD.
- Family history: Having a family history of CAD can increase your risk.
There are several steps you can take to reduce your risk of CAD, including:
- Managing any underlying health conditions: Controlling high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol can help to reduce the risk of CAD.
- Quitting smoking: Smoking increases the risk of CAD and other health problems, so quitting can help to reduce your risk.
- Eating a healthy diet: A diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help to reduce the risk of CAD.
- Exercising regularly: Regular physical activity can help to lower the risk of CAD and other health problems.
The epidemiology of CAD varies by region and population. In the United States, CAD is a leading cause of death, and it is estimated to affect more than 16 million people. It is more common in men than in women, and the risk of CAD increases with age.
The pattern of CAD has changed over time, with a decline in the number of cases and deaths due to CAD in many developed countries. This is likely due to improvements in prevention and treatment, as well as changes in lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity.
The financial burden of CAD on the healthcare system is significant. In the United States, the direct and indirect costs of CAD are estimated to be more than $300 billion per year. These costs include medical expenses, lost productivity, and the costs of caring for people with heart-related disabilities.